It is very interesting to learn how Persian (Farsi or modern day Irani) language has influenced to our rulers in Nepal.
Recently the National Assembly member, Mr. Radheshyam Adhikari on the online newspaper "Setopati" dated 9 August 2018 (2075 Bhadra 9, Saturday) column has written on titled "अब महिलाले बाबु र श्रीमान दुवैबाट अंश पाउने" stated that the words "Muluki" and "Ain" both are Persian words borrowed by then rulers of Nepal in our legal code of conduct known as "Muluki Ain" due to the influence of by then Indian rulers who were Muslim. Here is the excerpt from his article in Nepali language that says [1],
orange-naranji
white - safed
aloof - dur
always - hamesha
--------------------------http://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hi ndi/index.html
certainly not hargiz nahin (hargez is persian)
ever hamesha
every moment hardam
far dur
in andar
inside andar
near pas
off dur
once ek bar
again & again bar-bar (dobareh)
or ya
perhaps shayad
since (conditional) chunki
twice do bar
whereas chunki
easy asan
bad kharab
empty khali
fresh taza
dirty ganda
distant dur
near pas
hot garam
honest imandar (Iman daar, someone who has iman)
dishonest beiman (someone who doesn't have iman)
wealthy maldar (someone who hass maal)
poor garib (gharib?)
healthy tandurust
sick bimar
new naya (noe?)
young jawan
narrow tang
lazy sust
smart hoshiyar
kind meharban
pleased khush
displeased naraz (naaraazi)
urban shahri
rural dehati
smelling good khushbudar
smelling bad badbudar
not durable kamzor
strong takatwar (like takat? it sounds persian but do we have takat?)
worthless raddi
hard sakhta
I main & ;nbs p; (sound like man in persian)
My mera (male) (sounds like maraa which is short form of man raa in persian)
We ham (hameh?)
Our hamara (m) (hame raa?)
You tum (toe?)
to answer jawab dena (jawab daadan, jawaab is arabic though)
to attack hamla karna (hamle kardan, hamle is arabic though)
to attempt koshish karna (kooshesh kardan)
to clean saf karna (saaf kardan, saaf is arabic)
to forgive maf karna (moaaf kardan, moaf is arabic)
to hate nafarat karna (nefrat kardan/ nefrat daashtan? , nefrat is arabic)
to help madad dena (madad daadan, madad is arabic)
to waste barbad karna (barbad daadan / barbaad kardan) &a mp;n bsp;
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------http://www.shamema.com/wordlist.htm
head sar
face chehra & ;nbs p; (chehre)
tounge zaban
arm/hand bazu
fingelnail nakhun
leg tan
heart dil
blood khun
urine peshab (some old persian word? given aab is water in persian while pani is water in hindi)
house ghar
door darwaza
broom jharu
knife chaqu (chaghoo)
sky asman
star ek tara (setare?)
river darya
wind hawa
tree darakht
flower phul (is possibliy taken from hindi rather than given because fruit = phal in hindi)
potato alu (Aalou, interesting!!)
onion piaz
salt namak
meat gosht
fat cherbi & ;nbs p; (charbi)
chicken murghi (morgh)
cow gae (gaav)
tail dum
name nam
child bacha
husband shohar
wife bibi
evening sham (not sure if Shaam is persian or arabic so included in both sections)
week ek hafta
month mihana (just similar to persian, possibly not borrrowed)
dry khushk
--------------------------------------http://faculty.maxwe ll.syr.edu/jishnu/101/FoodItems/default.asp
Wine sharaab
bread naan
tambaakuu Tobaaco
Vinegar sirkaa
Black Beans lobhiyaa
Flour aattaa ( sound very similar to persian Aard)
Almond baadaam
Apple sev (similar to persian Seeb)
Grapes anguur
Melon kharbuujaa
Pistachio pistaa
Plum aaluubukhaaraa (aalooye bukhara!)
Tangerine naarangii
Cinnamon daalciinii (similar to persian daarchin)
tasty mazedaar
Beetroot cukandar (persian choghondar)
Cucumber khiiraa (persian khiar)
Eggplant baingan (similar to persian bademjaan)
Pumpkin kadduu
Vegetable sabzii
angel ; ; farishtaa
alike ; ; ek-saa
animal & ;nbs p; jaanvar
abstinence parhez
back vaapas
comfort,rest aaraam
choice, liking pasand
Complete, full puraa (persian por)
colorful rang-biranga (persian rang-varang)
colourful rangiin
city sheher
dislike naapasand
dangerous khatarnaak
friend dost
favorite man-pasand
fragrance (happy smell) khushbuu
happiness khushii
illness bimaarii
less kam
man aadmii
medicine davaaii/davaa (not sure if dava is persian or arabic)
man mard
marriage Shaadii (There has to be a relation between this and persian Shaadi meaning happiness)
married Shaadii-shudaa (Shode is a persian word, again it's very likely Shaadi is a borrowed from persian)
neither... nor na... na (seems like a persian structure, specially since na is no/don't in persian)
office daftar (persian or arabic?)
opinion, view khayaal (persian/arabic?)
oneself khud
or yaa
pain, ache dard
perhaps shaayad
prosperity khush-haalii (haal is arabic while khosh is persian)
salutation, greetings aadaab (persian/arabic?)
someone kisii
safety, welfare kheriyat (persian/arabic?)
thousand hazaar
to buy khariidnaa
to remind yaad dilaanaa (yaad is persian)
to emphasize zor denaa (zoor daadan/kardan?)
umbrella chaataa (not sure about the origins, similar to persian chatr, could it be arabic?)
Arabic words use in Hindi
------------------------------------------http://www.it-c. dk/people/pfw/hindi/index.html
against (opposite) khilaf
alas afsos
at taraf
but lekin
certainly zarur
if agar
immediate zaruri, turamt andar
oft / often aksar
of course albatta
oft / often aksar
over (finished) khatam
scarcely mushkil se
sorrow afsos
towards taraf
truly sahi
difficult mushkil
clean saf
durable mazbut
much zyada
right sahi
wrong galat
---------------------------------------------http://www.sh amema.com/wordlist.htm
body jism
rainbow qusr quzah
morning subah
evening sham
year sal
near qarib
different mukhtali
whole mukamal
---------------------------------------------http://facult y.maxwell.syr.edu/jishnu/101/FoodItems/default.asp
Recently the National Assembly member, Mr. Radheshyam Adhikari on the online newspaper "Setopati" dated 9 August 2018 (2075 Bhadra 9, Saturday) column has written on titled "अब महिलाले बाबु र श्रीमान दुवैबाट अंश पाउने" stated that the words "Muluki" and "Ain" both are Persian words borrowed by then rulers of Nepal in our legal code of conduct known as "Muluki Ain" due to the influence of by then Indian rulers who were Muslim. Here is the excerpt from his article in Nepali language that says [1],
"मुलुकी ऐनलाई यसपटक हामीले संहिता भनेका छौं। किनभने, ऐन भनेको कुनै विशेष कानुन हो, संहिता भनेको धेरै कानुनको संगालो। त्यतिबेला ‘मुलुकी' र ‘ऐन' दुवै फारसी भाषाबाट आएका शब्द थिए। मुलुकबाट मुलकी भयो। एेन पनि उतैबाट आयो। भारतमा मुस्लिमहरुको प्रभाव थियो। नेपालको कानुनमा त्यहाँको प्रभाव नपर्ने कुरै भएन। त्यसैले दिल्लीबाट आएका फारसी शब्दहरु परे। यसपालि हामीले आफ्नै शब्द राखेका छौं- संहिता।"
When I read and heard that some Indian scholars and advocates of nationalism have been asserting that the word "Hind" and "Hindu" both words are borrowed from Persian language not the origin from India but it has been derived from Persian I was bit surprised how any Indian or Nepali who are very much nationalists can borrowed words from Persia or modern day Iran. But later while I went through the ancient history of India/Indian subcontinent I realised that Persian King Darius I (c. 550–486 BCE) who was the fourth king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the lands surrounding the Indus River in 515 BCE. Darius I controlled the Indus Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi before Alexandra the Great invaded to India.
Here are the updated list, the references of English translations are on top of each section. Please correct me, if anyone Arabian, Turks, Persians, Indians or Nepali who are good in linguistics are reading this blog please let me know if there's a mistake in the list or origins of words. Thanks.
Persian words in Hindi
Cheese: PA-NEER
colour- rangorange-naranji
white - safed
aloof - dur
always - hamesha
--------------------------http://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hi ndi/index.html
certainly not hargiz nahin (hargez is persian)
ever hamesha
every moment hardam
far dur
in andar
inside andar
near pas
off dur
once ek bar
again & again bar-bar (dobareh)
or ya
perhaps shayad
since (conditional) chunki
twice do bar
whereas chunki
easy asan
bad kharab
empty khali
fresh taza
dirty ganda
distant dur
near pas
hot garam
honest imandar (Iman daar, someone who has iman)
dishonest beiman (someone who doesn't have iman)
wealthy maldar (someone who hass maal)
poor garib (gharib?)
healthy tandurust
sick bimar
new naya (noe?)
young jawan
narrow tang
lazy sust
smart hoshiyar
kind meharban
pleased khush
displeased naraz (naaraazi)
urban shahri
rural dehati
smelling good khushbudar
smelling bad badbudar
not durable kamzor
strong takatwar (like takat? it sounds persian but do we have takat?)
worthless raddi
hard sakhta
I main & ;nbs p; (sound like man in persian)
My mera (male) (sounds like maraa which is short form of man raa in persian)
We ham (hameh?)
Our hamara (m) (hame raa?)
You tum (toe?)
to answer jawab dena (jawab daadan, jawaab is arabic though)
to attack hamla karna (hamle kardan, hamle is arabic though)
to attempt koshish karna (kooshesh kardan)
to clean saf karna (saaf kardan, saaf is arabic)
to forgive maf karna (moaaf kardan, moaf is arabic)
to hate nafarat karna (nefrat kardan/ nefrat daashtan? , nefrat is arabic)
to help madad dena (madad daadan, madad is arabic)
to waste barbad karna (barbad daadan / barbaad kardan) &a mp;n bsp;
---------------------------------------------------------- ----------http://www.shamema.com/wordlist.htm
head sar
face chehra & ;nbs p; (chehre)
tounge zaban
arm/hand bazu
fingelnail nakhun
leg tan
heart dil
blood khun
urine peshab (some old persian word? given aab is water in persian while pani is water in hindi)
house ghar
door darwaza
broom jharu
knife chaqu (chaghoo)
sky asman
star ek tara (setare?)
river darya
wind hawa
tree darakht
flower phul (is possibliy taken from hindi rather than given because fruit = phal in hindi)
potato alu (Aalou, interesting!!)
onion piaz
salt namak
meat gosht
fat cherbi & ;nbs p; (charbi)
chicken murghi (morgh)
cow gae (gaav)
tail dum
name nam
child bacha
husband shohar
wife bibi
evening sham (not sure if Shaam is persian or arabic so included in both sections)
week ek hafta
month mihana (just similar to persian, possibly not borrrowed)
dry khushk
--------------------------------------http://faculty.maxwe ll.syr.edu/jishnu/101/FoodItems/default.asp
Wine sharaab
bread naan
tambaakuu Tobaaco
Vinegar sirkaa
Black Beans lobhiyaa
Flour aattaa ( sound very similar to persian Aard)
Almond baadaam
Apple sev (similar to persian Seeb)
Grapes anguur
Melon kharbuujaa
Pistachio pistaa
Plum aaluubukhaaraa (aalooye bukhara!)
Tangerine naarangii
Cinnamon daalciinii (similar to persian daarchin)
tasty mazedaar
Beetroot cukandar (persian choghondar)
Cucumber khiiraa (persian khiar)
Eggplant baingan (similar to persian bademjaan)
Pumpkin kadduu
Vegetable sabzii
angel ; ; farishtaa
alike ; ; ek-saa
animal & ;nbs p; jaanvar
abstinence parhez
back vaapas
comfort,rest aaraam
choice, liking pasand
Complete, full puraa (persian por)
colorful rang-biranga (persian rang-varang)
colourful rangiin
city sheher
dislike naapasand
dangerous khatarnaak
friend dost
favorite man-pasand
fragrance (happy smell) khushbuu
happiness khushii
illness bimaarii
less kam
man aadmii
medicine davaaii/davaa (not sure if dava is persian or arabic)
man mard
marriage Shaadii (There has to be a relation between this and persian Shaadi meaning happiness)
married Shaadii-shudaa (Shode is a persian word, again it's very likely Shaadi is a borrowed from persian)
neither... nor na... na (seems like a persian structure, specially since na is no/don't in persian)
office daftar (persian or arabic?)
opinion, view khayaal (persian/arabic?)
oneself khud
or yaa
pain, ache dard
perhaps shaayad
prosperity khush-haalii (haal is arabic while khosh is persian)
salutation, greetings aadaab (persian/arabic?)
someone kisii
safety, welfare kheriyat (persian/arabic?)
thousand hazaar
to buy khariidnaa
to remind yaad dilaanaa (yaad is persian)
to emphasize zor denaa (zoor daadan/kardan?)
umbrella chaataa (not sure about the origins, similar to persian chatr, could it be arabic?)
Arabic words use in Hindi
------------------------------------------http://www.it-c. dk/people/pfw/hindi/index.html
against (opposite) khilaf
alas afsos
at taraf
but lekin
certainly zarur
if agar
immediate zaruri, turamt andar
oft / often aksar
of course albatta
oft / often aksar
over (finished) khatam
scarcely mushkil se
sorrow afsos
towards taraf
truly sahi
difficult mushkil
clean saf
durable mazbut
much zyada
right sahi
wrong galat
---------------------------------------------http://www.sh amema.com/wordlist.htm
body jism
rainbow qusr quzah
morning subah
evening sham
year sal
near qarib
different mukhtali
whole mukamal
---------------------------------------------http://facult y.maxwell.syr.edu/jishnu/101/FoodItems/default.asp
answer javaab
advice salaah
(a term signifying respect) tashriif
age umar
book kitaab
condition haal
chair kursii
custom rivaaj
difference farka (fargh)
enough kaafii
insurance biimaa
medicine avaaii/davaa (not sure if dava is persian or arabic)
meaning matlab
meeting mulaakaat
office daftar (persian or arabic?)
order hukam
only sirf
opinion, view khayaal (persian/arabic?)
paper kaagaz
patient mariiz
question savaal
request arz
real, genuine aslii
salutation, greetings aadaab(persian/arabic?)
sir saahib
safety, welfare kheriyat (persian/arabic?)
wait intzaar
total kul
to be known maaluum honaa (maaluum is arabic)
that is, in other words yaanii
vision nazar
World duniyaa
advice salaah
(a term signifying respect) tashriif
age umar
book kitaab
condition haal
chair kursii
custom rivaaj
difference farka (fargh)
enough kaafii
insurance biimaa
medicine avaaii/davaa (not sure if dava is persian or arabic)
meaning matlab
meeting mulaakaat
office daftar (persian or arabic?)
order hukam
only sirf
opinion, view khayaal (persian/arabic?)
paper kaagaz
patient mariiz
question savaal
request arz
real, genuine aslii
salutation, greetings aadaab(persian/arabic?)
sir saahib
safety, welfare kheriyat (persian/arabic?)
wait intzaar
total kul
to be known maaluum honaa (maaluum is arabic)
that is, in other words yaanii
vision nazar
World duniyaa
Here are also some words from Oxford English Dictionary:
Baksheesh
In the Indian subcontinent: a small sum of money given as alms, a tip, or a bribe.
– ORIGIN based on Persian bakshish, from bakshidan ‘give’.
Biriani (also biriyani or biryani)
An Indian dish made with highly seasoned rice and meat, fish, or vegetables.
– ORIGIN from Persian biryani, from biriyan ‘fried, grilled’.
Bund
In India and Pakistan: an embankment or causeway.
– ORIGIN from Persian band.
Charkha
In the Indian subcontinent: a domestic spinning wheel used chiefly for cotton.
– ORIGIN from Persian charkha ‘spinning wheel’.
Charpoy
In the Indian subcontinent: a light bedstead.
– ORIGIN from Persian charpai ‘four-legged’.
Chick
In the Indian subcontinent: a bamboo screen for a doorway.
– ORIGIN from Persian cigh.
Dastur
In the Indian subcontinent: a chief priest.
– ORIGIN from Old Persian dastobar ‘prime minister’.
Diwan
A chief treasury official, finance minister, or Prime Minister in some Indian states.
– ORIGIN from Persian diwan ‘fiscal register’.
Durbar
The court of an Indian ruler.
– ORIGIN from Persian darbar ‘court’.
Durzi
In the Indian subcontinent: a tailor.
– ORIGIN from Persian darzi, from darz ‘sewing’.
Feringhee
In India, a foreigner, especially a white person.
– ORIGIN from Persian firangi, from the base of Frank.
Gymkhana
In the Indian subcontinent: a public place with facilities for athletics.
– ORIGIN C19: from Hindi ged ‘ball’ + Persian kanah ‘house’
Havildar
In the Indian subcontinent: a soldier or police officer corresponding to a sergeant.
– ORIGIN from Persian hawaladar ‘trust-holder’.
Hindu
· a follower of Hinduism.
– ORIGIN from Persian hindu, from Hind ‘India’.
Kincob
A rich Indian fabric brocaded with gold or silver.
– ORIGIN from Persian kamkab, alt. of kimk ‘damask silk’.
Kofta
In Middle Eastern and Indian cookery: a savoury ball of minced meat, paneer, or vegetables.
– ORIGIN from Persian koftah ‘pounded meat’.
Kulcha
A small, round Indian flatbread, typically stuffed with meat or vegetables.
– ORIGIN from Persian kulcha.
Kurta
A loose collarless shirt worn by people from the Indian subcontinent.
– ORIGIN from Persian kurtah.
Lascar
A sailor from India or SE Asia.
– ORIGIN C17: from Persian lashkari ‘soldier’.
Maidan
In the Indian subcontinent: an open space in or near a town.
– ORIGIN from Persian maidan.
Mogul (also Moghul or Mughal)
A member of the Muslim dynasty of Mongol origin which ruled much of India in the 16th–19th centuries.
– ORIGIN from Persian mughul ‘Mongol’.
Nan
In Indian cookery: a type of leavened bread, typically of a flattened teardrop shape.
– ORIGIN from Persian nan.
Numdah
In the Indian subcontinent: an embroidered rug made of felt or coarse woollen cloth.
– ORIGIN from Persian namad ‘carpet’.
Paneer
A type of milk curd cheese used in Indian, Iranian, and Afghan cooking.
– ORIGIN from Persian panir ‘cheese’.
Salwar
A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from the Indian subcontinent, typically with a kameez.
– ORIGIN from Persian Shalwar.
Sardar
In the Indian subcontinent: a leader, a Sikh.
– ORIGIN from Persian sar-dar.
Sarkar
In the Indian subcontinent: a man in a position of authority, especially a landowner.
– ORIGIN from Persian sarkar, from sar ‘chief’ + kar ‘agent, doer’.
Sarod
A lute used in classical North Indian music.
– ORIGIN Persian surod ‘song, melody’.
Sepoy
An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.
– ORIGIN from Persian sipahi ‘soldier’.
Serang
In the Indian subcontinent: an Asian head of a Lascar crew.
– ORIGIN from Persian sar-hang ‘commander’.
Shikar
In the Indian subcontinent: hunting.
– ORIGIN from Persian Shikar.
Sitar
A large, long-necked Indian lute with movable frets, played with a wire pick.
– ORIGIN from Persian sitar, from sih ‘three’ + tar ‘string’.
Tabla
A pair of small hand drums fixed together, used in Indian music.
– ORIGIN from Persian tablah.
Taj
A tall conical cap worn by a dervish, a crown worn by an Indian prince.
– ORIGIN from Persian taj ‘crown’.
Tamboura (also tambura)
A large four-stringed lute used in Indian music as a drone accompaniment, a long-necked lute or mandolin of Balkan countries.
– ORIGIN C16: from Persian dunbara, lit. ‘lamb’s tail’.
Tandoor
A clay oven of a type used originally in northern India and Pakistan.
– ORIGIN from from Persian tanur.
Zamindar (also zemindar)
In the Indian subcontinent: a landowner who leased land to tenant farmers.
– ORIGIN from Persian zamindar, from zamin ‘land’ + -dar ‘holder’.
Zenana
In India and Iran: the part of a house for the seclusion of women.
– ORIGIN from Persian zananah, from zan ‘woman’.
Zedoary
An Indian plant related to turmeric, with an aromatic rhizome.
– ORIGIN ME: from Persian zadwar.
Zilla
An administrative district in India, containing several parganas.
– ORIGIN from Persian Nila ‘division’.
Reference
1. Radheshyam Adhikari, 2018. अब महिलाले बाबु र श्रीमान दुवैबाट अंश पाउने, accessed from https://setopati.com/opinion/165721
Baksheesh
In the Indian subcontinent: a small sum of money given as alms, a tip, or a bribe.
– ORIGIN based on Persian bakshish, from bakshidan ‘give’.
Biriani (also biriyani or biryani)
An Indian dish made with highly seasoned rice and meat, fish, or vegetables.
– ORIGIN from Persian biryani, from biriyan ‘fried, grilled’.
Bund
In India and Pakistan: an embankment or causeway.
– ORIGIN from Persian band.
Charkha
In the Indian subcontinent: a domestic spinning wheel used chiefly for cotton.
– ORIGIN from Persian charkha ‘spinning wheel’.
Charpoy
In the Indian subcontinent: a light bedstead.
– ORIGIN from Persian charpai ‘four-legged’.
Chick
In the Indian subcontinent: a bamboo screen for a doorway.
– ORIGIN from Persian cigh.
Dastur
In the Indian subcontinent: a chief priest.
– ORIGIN from Old Persian dastobar ‘prime minister’.
Diwan
A chief treasury official, finance minister, or Prime Minister in some Indian states.
– ORIGIN from Persian diwan ‘fiscal register’.
Durbar
The court of an Indian ruler.
– ORIGIN from Persian darbar ‘court’.
Durzi
In the Indian subcontinent: a tailor.
– ORIGIN from Persian darzi, from darz ‘sewing’.
Feringhee
In India, a foreigner, especially a white person.
– ORIGIN from Persian firangi, from the base of Frank.
Gymkhana
In the Indian subcontinent: a public place with facilities for athletics.
– ORIGIN C19: from Hindi ged ‘ball’ + Persian kanah ‘house’
Havildar
In the Indian subcontinent: a soldier or police officer corresponding to a sergeant.
– ORIGIN from Persian hawaladar ‘trust-holder’.
Hindu
· a follower of Hinduism.
– ORIGIN from Persian hindu, from Hind ‘India’.
Kincob
A rich Indian fabric brocaded with gold or silver.
– ORIGIN from Persian kamkab, alt. of kimk ‘damask silk’.
Kofta
In Middle Eastern and Indian cookery: a savoury ball of minced meat, paneer, or vegetables.
– ORIGIN from Persian koftah ‘pounded meat’.
Kulcha
A small, round Indian flatbread, typically stuffed with meat or vegetables.
– ORIGIN from Persian kulcha.
Kurta
A loose collarless shirt worn by people from the Indian subcontinent.
– ORIGIN from Persian kurtah.
Lascar
A sailor from India or SE Asia.
– ORIGIN C17: from Persian lashkari ‘soldier’.
Maidan
In the Indian subcontinent: an open space in or near a town.
– ORIGIN from Persian maidan.
Mogul (also Moghul or Mughal)
A member of the Muslim dynasty of Mongol origin which ruled much of India in the 16th–19th centuries.
– ORIGIN from Persian mughul ‘Mongol’.
Nan
In Indian cookery: a type of leavened bread, typically of a flattened teardrop shape.
– ORIGIN from Persian nan.
Numdah
In the Indian subcontinent: an embroidered rug made of felt or coarse woollen cloth.
– ORIGIN from Persian namad ‘carpet’.
Paneer
A type of milk curd cheese used in Indian, Iranian, and Afghan cooking.
– ORIGIN from Persian panir ‘cheese’.
Salwar
A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from the Indian subcontinent, typically with a kameez.
– ORIGIN from Persian Shalwar.
Sardar
In the Indian subcontinent: a leader, a Sikh.
– ORIGIN from Persian sar-dar.
Sarkar
In the Indian subcontinent: a man in a position of authority, especially a landowner.
– ORIGIN from Persian sarkar, from sar ‘chief’ + kar ‘agent, doer’.
Sarod
A lute used in classical North Indian music.
– ORIGIN Persian surod ‘song, melody’.
Sepoy
An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.
– ORIGIN from Persian sipahi ‘soldier’.
Serang
In the Indian subcontinent: an Asian head of a Lascar crew.
– ORIGIN from Persian sar-hang ‘commander’.
Shikar
In the Indian subcontinent: hunting.
– ORIGIN from Persian Shikar.
Sitar
A large, long-necked Indian lute with movable frets, played with a wire pick.
– ORIGIN from Persian sitar, from sih ‘three’ + tar ‘string’.
Tabla
A pair of small hand drums fixed together, used in Indian music.
– ORIGIN from Persian tablah.
Taj
A tall conical cap worn by a dervish, a crown worn by an Indian prince.
– ORIGIN from Persian taj ‘crown’.
Tamboura (also tambura)
A large four-stringed lute used in Indian music as a drone accompaniment, a long-necked lute or mandolin of Balkan countries.
– ORIGIN C16: from Persian dunbara, lit. ‘lamb’s tail’.
Tandoor
A clay oven of a type used originally in northern India and Pakistan.
– ORIGIN from from Persian tanur.
Zamindar (also zemindar)
In the Indian subcontinent: a landowner who leased land to tenant farmers.
– ORIGIN from Persian zamindar, from zamin ‘land’ + -dar ‘holder’.
Zenana
In India and Iran: the part of a house for the seclusion of women.
– ORIGIN from Persian zananah, from zan ‘woman’.
Zedoary
An Indian plant related to turmeric, with an aromatic rhizome.
– ORIGIN ME: from Persian zadwar.
Zilla
An administrative district in India, containing several parganas.
– ORIGIN from Persian Nila ‘division’.
Reference
1. Radheshyam Adhikari, 2018. अब महिलाले बाबु र श्रीमान दुवैबाट अंश पाउने, accessed from https://setopati.com/opinion/165721
This book has a slow pace and a clear pattern. Persian always sounded an exotic language to me and so different from English. This book strives to make it easy to understand by presenting at a slow pace, and without getting me overwhelmed. The audio has both female and male voices with very clear and slow pronunciations. I tried other books for learning Farsi, but they were giving me too much information and too fast. This is definitely the best source I have found so far. Farsi Language
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